1) The Paris Commune- In spring of 1871, born out of the loss of the Franco-Prussian War and the simmering discontent amongst workers, since at least the 1830s. Defiant Parisians organized from the Central Committee of the National Guard system set up to defend the city. This group spread in popularity and soon took control of the city, with local assemblies, and a radical social agenda. Many progressive efforts were undertaken. They were smashed with extreme violence by the state.
2) Israeli Kibbutzum-is a unique rural community; a society dedicated to mutual aid and social justice; a socioeconomic system based on the principle of joint ownership of property, equality and cooperation of production, consumption and education; the fulfillment of the idea “from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs”; a home for those who have chosen it.
3) Anarcho-Syndicalists (Spanish Civil War)-In the anarchist-controlled areas, Aragon and Catalonia, in addition to the temporary military success, there was a vast social revolution in which the workers and the peasants collectivised land and industry, and set up councils parallel to the paralyzed Republican government. This revolution was opposed by both the Soviet-supported communists, who ultimately took their orders from Stalin’s politburo (which feared a loss of control), and the Social Democratic Republicans (who worried about the loss of civil property rights). The agrarian collectives had considerable success despite opposition and lack of resources, as Franco had already captured lands with some of the richest natural resources. Much of this is recounted in Orwell’s “Homage to Catalonia”.
4) General Strike- Seattle- February 6 to February 11, 1919, was a general work stoppage by over 65,000 individuals in the U.S. city of Seattle, Washington. Paranoia that the strike had been organized by foreign anarchists and communists, or that it shared their goals, helped lead to the Red Scare of 1919 and 1920. A cooperative body made up of rank and file workers from all the striking locals was formed during the strike, called the General Strike Committee. It acted as a “virtual counter-government for the city” (Brecher), somewhat akin to 1871’s Paris Commune. The workers in the Committee organized to provide essential services for the people of Seattle during the work stoppage. Army veterans created an alternative to the police in order to keep the peace. The “Labor War Veteran’s Guard,” as it was called, forbade the use of force and did not carry weapons; it was policy “to use persuasion only.” As it happened, peacekeeping was unnecessary: not a single arrest was made by traditional police forces in actions related to the strike, and general arrests dropped to less than half of normal. Major General John F. Morrison, stationed in Seattle, claimed that he had never seen “a city so quiet and orderly.” The threat of massive violence eventually brought this experiment to an end.
They inspired the general strike in May 1919, where35,000 Winnipeggers walked off the job in May 1919, in what came to be known as the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919. The government defeated the strike through arrests, deportation and violence. The strike ended in June of 1919, with the reading of the Riot Act and the death of two strikers and injuring at least 30 others, and was known as Bloody Saturday. The lasting effect was a polarized population. One of the leaders of the strike, J.S. Woodsworth, went on to found Canada’s first socialist party, the CCF, which would later become the New Democratic Party.
5) Sandinista Nicaragua-The Sandinistas inherited a country in ruins with a debt of 1.6 billion dollars (US), an estimated 50,000 war dead, 600,000 homeless, and a devastated economic infrastructure.
The dominant rebel leaders who controlled the FSLN such as Daniel Ortega were strongly authoritarian Marxist. However, the new junta initially contained a broad spectrum of ideologies. Upon assuming power, its political platform included the following:
* Nationalization of property owned by the Somozas and their collaborators.
* Land reform.
* Improved rural and urban working conditions.
* Free unionization for all workers, both urban and rural.
* Control of living costs, especially basic necessities (food, clothing, and medicine).
* Improved public services, housing conditions, education (mandatory, free through high school; schools available to the whole national population; national literacy campaign).
* Nationalization and protection of natural resources, including mines.
* Abolition of torture, political assassination and the death penalty.
* Protection of democratic liberties (freedom of expression, political organization and association, and religion; return of political exiles).
* Free, non-aligned foreign policy and relations.
* Alternative energy programs
- Notably absent from this list are such traditionally fundamental “Marxist” views (actually Leninist, Maoist, or Stalinist) as the discouragement of religious organizations, a one-party state, and the subsumption of all labor organizations, labor leadership, and political leadership into some form of “soviet” (or an organizational/political analogue, e.g. the Maoist Red Guard). In addition, the early FSLN concerned itself with such non-”Marxist” (in the traditional sense) platforms such as the right to free unionization, the protections of free speech, free and independent political organization, the free practice of religion, and a remarkably prescient environmental concern, all of which signaled that the FSLN — at least in its initial manifestation — shared little with traditional Marxism.
6) Fair Trade- an organized social movement which promotes standards for international labour, environmentalism, and social policy in areas related to production of Fairtrade labeled and unlabelled goods. The movement focuses in particular on exports from developing countries to developed countries.
Fair trade’s strategic intent is to deliberately work with marginalised producers and workers in order to help them move from a position of vulnerability to security and economic self-sufficiency. It also aims at empowering them to become stakeholders in their own organizations and actively play a wider role in the global arena to achieve greater equity in international trade.
7) World Social Forum- (WSF) is an annual meeting held by members of the anti-globalization movement to coordinate world campaigns, share and refine organizing strategies, and inform each other about movements from around the world and their issues. There were many parallel workshops, including, for example the Life After Capitalism workshop, which proposed focussed discussion on non-communist, non-capitalist, participative possibilities for different aspects of social, political, economic, communication structures. One famous speaker was famed American linguistic author Noam Chomsky
8 ) Participatory Economics-(Parecon)- a proposed economic system that uses participatory decision making as an economic mechanism to guide the allocation of resources and consumption in a given society. Proposed as an alternative to contemporary capitalist market economies and also an alternative to centrally planned socialism or coordinatorism, it is described as “an anarchistic economic vision” parecon is only meant to address an alternative economic theory and that it must be accompanied by equally important alternative visions in the fields of politics, culture and kinship. Stephen R. Shalom has begun work on a participatory political vision he calls “parpolity”. Elements of anarchism in the field of politics, polyculturalism in the field of culture, and feminism in the field of family and gender relations are also discussed by the authors as being possible foundations for future alternative visions in these other spheres of society.
Advocates of Parecon say the intention is that the four main ingredients of parecon be implemented with a minimum of hierarchy and a maximum of transparency in all discussions and decision making. This model is designed to eliminate secrecy in economic decision making, and instead encouraging friendly cooperation and mutual support.